What is tilt / shift and can it be achieved with smaller format and digital cameras? What is focus stacking and how can it achieve similar results?

A group of camera club members were discussing and how a photographer like Edward Weston who used large format cameras might have used tilt / shift effects.

Have a look at this video starting at 08:05 for some idea of what tilt / shift gives you.

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If you have a mirrorless camera you might want a relatively cheap lens to provide tilt functionality. You could consider this. This isn't a recommendation; I don't have the lens nor even a mirrorless camera. This lens maker seems to make a variety of budget extreme lenses, so you might like to look into it and then not buy anything because you will hardly ever use them.

A related matter which came up in the same conversation was focus stacking. Have a look at this video from 13:36 to learn something about that subject.